Ethereum's 'Fusaka' Upgrade Goes Live

- The Fusaka upgrade is named by combining its two component upgrades: "Fulu" for the consensus layer and "Osaka" for the execution layer. It is the second major network upgrade of 2025, following the "Pectra" upgrade from May 2025. - A core component of the upgrade is PeerDAS (Peer Data Availability Sampling), which allows network validators to verify data by checking small, random samples instead of downloading entire data blocks, significantly reducing bandwidth requirements. - The upgrade increases the block gas limit to a target of 60 million, effectively boosting the number of transactions that can be processed on the main network. This is projected to raise Layer 1 capacity from roughly 15-20 transactions per second (TPS) to 40-60 TPS. - To enhance security alongside the increased block capacity, a new transaction gas limit cap was introduced to prevent single large transactions from consuming an entire block and protecting against potential denial-of-service attacks. - For Layer 2 scaling solutions (like Arbitrum and Optimism), Fusaka is expected to increase the available data space by 3.5 times and reduce their transaction costs by an estimated 40-60%. - While the card mentions Proposer-Builder Separation (ePBS), its full integration into the core protocol is a headline feature of the next planned upgrade, "Glamsterdam," expected in 2026. This future change will remove reliance on trusted third-party "relays" that currently connect block builders and proposers. - Fusaka is a key part of "The Surge" phase of Ethereum's long-term roadmap, which is focused on achieving massive scalability through rollups. It follows major past upgrades including "The Merge" (2022) and "Dencun" (2024). - Ethereum co-founder Vitalik Buterin described Fusaka as an important but "incomplete" step towards the network's long-term scaling goals, noting that challenges like base-layer transaction sequencing and block builder centralization are still being worked on.